12 Scientific Health Benefits of Turmeric and Curcumin
12
Scientific Health Benefits of Turmeric and Curcumin
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The primary active
component of turmeric — and the one that gives the spice its characteristic
yellow color — is curcumin. In fact, you can credit curcumin as the compound
responsible for most of turmeric’s potential health benefits. “Curcumin is a
natural antioxidant that has anti-inflammatory benefits, as well as [possible]
benefits related to slowing the aging process and preventing Alzheimer's disease and
potentially depression,”
says San Diego, California–based Elizabeth Ann Shaw, RDN, owner of Shaw’s Simple Swaps Consulting.
Unfortunately, turmeric
(and curcumin on its own) doesn’t absorb well into the bloodstream, and having
it in curry once a month is unlikely to give you the desired anti-inflammatory
and antioxidant benefits, says Dana Angelo White, RD, owner of Dana White Nutrition. To reach the
amounts of turmeric and curcumin shown to offer benefits in research studies,
you’ll have to turn to supplements.
Still, you may be able
to reap benefits by adding black pepper anytime you use turmeric, and/or taking
a turmeric supplement that incorporates black pepper. “There is a compound in
black pepper called piperine that actually helps to make turmeric more
bioavailable,” White explains. Bioavailability refers
to the amount of a substance that’s absorbed or able to be used by the body.
For instance, a past study found that consuming 20 milligrams (mg) of piperine
along with 2 grams (g) of curcumin increased bioavailability by 2,000 percent.
Here, we outline the many potential benefits of turmeric and curcumin.
1.
Curcumin Is an Anti-Inflammatory
One of turmeric’s main
claims to fame is that it’s commonly used to fight inflammation, and the bulk
of turmeric’s inflammation-fighting powers can be credited to curcumin. In
fact, in the right dose, curcumin may be a more effective anti-inflammatory
treatment than common inflammation-fighting medications such as Advil (ibuprofen) and aspirin, according to a past study.As
chronic inflammation contributes to many chronic diseases, curcumin may help
treat conditions like inflammatory bowel disease, pancreatitis,
and arthritis. We’ll get into some of those
specific benefits later.
2. Curcumin May Protect Against Heart Disease
A past study shows that
curcumin may improve endothelial function, or the health of the thin membrane
that covers the inside of the heart and blood vessels. This membrane plays a
key role in regulating blood pressure.
Lower endothelial function is associated with aging and an increased risk of heart disease. Thus, curcumin may help
protect against age-related loss of function and reduce your
likelihood of developing heart disease.
In one study,
researchers compared the effects of an eight-week aerobic exercise program
and a curcumin supplement in improving endothelial function in postmenopausal
women. Both the exercise and the curcumin group saw equal improvements in
endothelial function, whereas the control group saw no changes.
Another study found that
curcumin was equally effective at improving endothelial function in people with type 2 diabetes (heart disease is a common comorbidity
of type 2) as the drug Lipitor (atorvastatin), a
medication commonly prescribed to reduce the risk of heart attack and stroke.
Still, more research is
needed to determine if curcumin is a safe and effective long-term treatment
strategy for people with heart disease.
3.
Curcumin May Prevent (and Possibly Help Treat) Cancer
As inflammation is
linked to tumor growth, anti-inflammatory compounds such as curcumin may play a
role in treating and preventing a variety of cancer types, including colorectal, pancreatic, prostate, breast, and gastric cancers. In fact,
research in mice suggests that curcumin may help slow the spread of tumor cells
and may even prevent tumors from forming in the first place. It may do this in
several ways, including disrupting the formation of cancerous cells at various
stages in the cell cycle, interfering with cell signaling pathways, and even
causing those cancerous cells to die.
Whether curcumin can
help treat cancer in humans has yet to be determined, but the research is
ongoing.
Can Turmeric Help Prevent or Treat Type 2 Diabetes?
Combined with metformin, turmeric supplements may help people
with type 2 diabetes stabilize their blood sugar levels. Here’s how.
Thanks to its potent
anti-inflammatory properties, curcumin may be a safe and effective long-term
treatment option for people with osteoarthritis (OA). In a past study,
people with osteoarthritis who took 1,000 mg/day of Meriva experienced
significant improvements in stiffness and physical function after eight months,
whereas the control group saw no improvements. Meriva is a proprietary
treatment made up of a natural curcuminoid mixture (75 percent
curcumin; 15 percent demethoxycurcumin; and 10 percent
bisdemethoxycurcumin), phosphatidylcholine (a chemical found in eggs, soybeans,
and other foods), and microcrystalline cellulose (a refined wood pulp commonly
used by the pharmaceutical and food industries).
And a study in mice
published in the June 2016 issue of Arthritis Research & Therapy found
that 50 mg oral curcumin per kilogram (kg) body weight significantly slowed the
progression of OA, whereas a topical curcumin treatment provided pain relief. That
said, whether these benefits would apply to humans has yet to be seen.
5.
Curcumin May Help Treat or Prevent Diabetes
According to a past
review of studies, curcumin may help treat and prevent diabetes, as well as associated
disorders like diabetic nephropathy (also called diabetic kidney disease),
which affects people with type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes. One drawback: Many of
the studies have been done only in animals, not humans.
For example, one study
found that feeding 80 mg of tetrahydrocurcumin (one of the main substances of
curcumin) per kg body weight to rats with type 2 diabetes for 45 days led to a
significant decrease in blood sugar, as well as an increase in plasma insulin.
A study in obese mice
with type 2 diabetes published in the July 2019 issue of Nutrition
& Metabolism reveals that curcumin supplements helped
lower blood insulin levels after 16 weeks.
Meanwhile, curcumin may
help prevent diabetes through its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties,
and improve many of the factors that contribute to diabetes, including insulin resistance, high blood sugar, and
hyperlipidemia (a medical term to describe elevated levels of fat in the blood;
one type of hyperlipidemia is characterized by high levels of LDL, or “bad,” cholesterol). Still, more human studies are needed to
confirm.
6. Turmeric May Help Delay or Reverse Alzheimer’s Disease
Turmeric may even
protect your brain against common degenerative diseases like Alzheimer’s. How?
By increasing levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), a protein
found in the brain and spinal cord that plays a key role in keeping nerve cells
(neurons) healthy, as well as regulating communication between nerve cells,
which is critical for learning and memory. As common brain disorders like
Alzheimer’s are associated with lower levels of BDNF, turmeric (curcumin in
particular) may help delay or reverse brain degeneration.
That said, much of the
research has been done in mice. Researchers note more research is needed to
confirm the effectiveness of turmeric in the prevention and treatment of common
brain diseases.
7.
Turmeric May Play a Role in Treating Depression
Like Alzheimer’s,
depression is also associated with lower levels of BDNF. Thanks to turmeric’s
ability to boost levels of BDNF, the spice shows promise as an effective
antidepressant. In fact, one study found that injecting rats with 50, 100, or
200 mg/kg of curcumin for 10 days led to a dose-dependent increase in BDNF,
with the higher dose of 200 mg/kg showing greater antidepressant effects.
Meanwhile, in a study in
humans that was published in the April 2014 issue of Phytotherapy Research,
researchers randomly assigned 60 patients with major depressive disorder to one
of three groups: one group received daily 20 mg of fluoxetine (Prozac is a common brand name),
another received 1,000 mg of curcumin, and a third received a combination of
the two. By the end of six weeks, the three groups saw comparable improvements,
leading researchers to suggest that curcumin may be a safe and effective
treatment for major depressive disorder.
Still, scientists don’t
fully understand the role of turmeric and curcumin in treating depression, and
more research in humans is needed to confirm it is a safe and effective
treatment.
8. Curcumin May Play a Role in Treating Rheumatoid Arthritis
Curcumin shows promise
as a treatment for rheumatoid arthritis
(RA), a chronic inflammatory disorder that commonly affects
the joints but may spread to other areas, such as the eyes, lungs, skin, heart,
and blood vessels. RA causes a painful swelling of the joints that can cause
the bones to erode over time and ultimately lead to deformities and physical
disabilities.
In one study, people
with RA were given 500 mg of curcumin, 50 mg of diclofenac sodium (a prescription
nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug), or the two in combination. After eight
weeks, the curcumin-only group saw significant improvements in joint tenderness
and swelling when compared with the other two groups. Researchers note the
curcumin treatment was also safe, resulting in no harmful events.
9.
Turmeric May Improve Skin Health
Thanks to its
anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antioxidant properties, turmeric may be
an effective treatment for a variety of skin conditions, including acne, eczema (atopic dermatitis), photoaging,
and psoriasis.
Yet robust research is lacking.
One review published in
the January 2018 issue of Open Access Macedonian Journal of
Medical Sciences suggests oral curcumin in particular may be
an effective and safe treatment option for psoriasis (a
chronic inflammatory skin disease), but more studies are needed before making
recommendations.
According to the authors
of another review, topical curcumin treatments may be useful in treating skin
disorders, especially as past research suggests curcumin is relatively safe
even at high doses. But curcumin’s bright yellow-orange color, poor solubility,
and poor stability at a high pH make it an unappealing topical skin treatment.
10.
Turmeric Protects Your Body From Free Radicals
Antioxidants help
protect your body against damage caused by free radicals, a class of highly
reactive atoms that are generated in our bodies, as well as in environmental
pollutants like cigarette smoke and industrial chemicals. Too much exposure to
free radicals can mess with the fats, proteins, and even DNA in your body,
which may lead to a number of common diseases and health conditions, including
cancer, arthritis, heart disease, and Alzheimer’s. Therefore, antioxidant-rich
spices like turmeric may play a role in protecting you from free radical
damage.
Curcumin in particular
is able to scavenge different types of free radicals, control enzymes that
neutralize free radicals, and prevent certain enzymes from creating specific
free radical types, according to a review in the October 2017 issue of Foods.
11.
Turmeric May Work As an Anti-Aging Supplement
Currently, there’s no
evidence that turmeric or curcumin directly influence longevity, but thanks to
their ability to fight inflammation, protect your body against free radicals,
and potentially delay brain degeneration and other age-related diseases,
turmeric and curcumin may be effective anti-aging supplements, according to
past research.
Studies also suggest that turmeric and curcumin are mostly safe, although some negative side effects (diarrhea, headache, rash) have been reported at doses ranging from 500 to 12,000 mg.
12.
Curcumin May Prevent Eye Degeneration
Glaucoma,
a group of eye conditions, is one of the leading causes of blindness in people
over age 60. And, unfortunately, once your vision is gone, it can’t be
restored.
But preliminary research
published July 2018 in Scientific Reports shows
topical curcumin treatments may help protect the eyes against degeneration.
Researchers applied a proprietary curcumin eye drop solution to rats two times
per day for three weeks. By the end of the study, the untreated rats
experienced a 23 percent reduction in retinal cells compared with the treatment
group, suggesting that loss was prevented by the curcumin treatment. The study
findings sound impressive, but more studies are needed to determine if curcumin
is effective in preventing eye degeneration in humans.
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